GrS.e> U8nuiy Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign https://archive.org/details/picturesquepalesOOgrob SiONlTIf JO AlISiBAINfl PICTURESQUE PALESTINE ARABIA AND SYRIA THE COUNTRY • THE PEOPLE AND THE LANDSCAPE BY KARL GROBER NEW YORK • BRENTANO’S PUBLISHERS PRINTED IN GERMANY THE MAJORITY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS IN THIS BOOK WERE TAKEN BY DR. KARL GROBER, MUNICH, AND BY LEHNERT & LANDROCK, CAIRO Details of sources on p. XVI COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY ERNST WASMUTH A.G., BERLIN 1925 Q.0^5b°\ G* % ^ “Y5 . 3 rO d «\ I* o 1 c? i S I ,\om our very childhood on we have been familiar \\ ith the scenes of biblical £ X-1 events. Each of us has created for himself pictures of the spots which he £ has read about in the Old and New Testament. But most ot these pictuies aie based on the recollection ot those in our school-books which, though they are indeliblv stamped in the memories of childhood, do not in the least coincide with actual scenes. The painter’s or draughtsman’s imaginary view unconsciously distorts the real aspect and otten even renders it bizarre and impossible. It is difficult, nay, nearly impossible, for the student to discover a connection between to-day and the times when Our Lord was still on earth in the Holy Land. It is also nearly impossible, when we are in the present-day miserable little ports oi Tv re and Sidon, to imagine ourselves back in the fabulous splendoui ot the richest cities of Antiquity. The ruins of Babylon, or even of Nineveh, were hardly able to retain even a shadow ot the magnificence that they once radiated. W ith but the exception of a few remnants all these towns with their toweis, walls and temples are heaps of ruins. The villages in which once the Biblical cnaiacteis dw elt and toiled have often changed their aspect during the course of the centuries. Even their old names are hardly recognizable in their mutilated forms. Only the gieat contours of the landscape have remained. But the garb of nature is no longer the same. Countries that once supported millions are now parched sand wastes. Mountains whose slopes were covered to the very summits now stand naked to their feet. The old canals fell in and agriculture disappeared with them. The rivers dried up or found new beds, the cities on their banks decayed. Much was destroved by the wars that so otten raged on the soil ot the Orient. What has remained from the times ot the Old and New Testament is but little. What is shown to the pious pilgrim in the Holy Land searching the sites ot Biblical e\ents will seldom survive severe criticism. But what does it matter it the leal spot is perhaps a hundred paces of! from that which is veneiated b\ pious thoughts to day? Is not here the very earth itself sacred? 1 here is a strange atmosphere in these countries, and from their charm none can escape. I he pictuies in this volume show us the places made immortal by those who are spoken ol in the Bible, as well as all those spots which played a role in Biblical countries since the days of Antiquity. Eor most of us, knowledge of the history of the Orient ceases with the destruction of Jerusalem, and it was only the Crusades that brought it back into the sphere of interest. Only few know how the sovereignty ot Islam which has now set its impress on the country for over twelve hundied years- changed the sacred places; how in the days following the destruction ot the (.it) V 597303 the external features of the landscape were modified, or what has been preserved of the different cultures that have perished. It is necessary to give a short history of the single countries and to show how they developed from the earliest times to those of Our Lord and from then to the present, in order to make these relics of different centuries comprehensible. But this cannot be done by presenting a common history of Palestine, Syria, Meso¬ potamia and Arabia. Even if a single ruler guided the fate of all for a long time, nevertheless, each of these countries represents a unit for itself which again and again follows its own course for centuries. And their geographical character continually made for historical isolation. In addition to this, during the course of the centuries each of them attained to a zenith in the history of mankind, Hashing forth meteor-like and -then falling back into a darkness in which even the memory of great times died, states and cities decayed and finally the sand of the desert swept the very memory of their great names away. And yet they all still contain many visible memories that always arouse our interest, but which we cannot comprehend unless we consider their development separately and range the witnesses of great events in their proper order in history. Situated between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf lies Arabia, the greatest of all peninsulas. In the north it is encircled like a great horse-shoe by the once fertile district of Mesopotamia with its twin streams Euphrates and Tigris, by Syria and Palestine. Arabia is an enormous high plateau with waste deserts, many of which have never been crossed by the foot of man. The country is cut off from the sea by mountains, and it was only along the narrow coastal strip that towns and villages with their fields and gardens and a settled population could develop. In the interior numerous Bedouin tribes still move from place to place with their camel herds (the only wealth of these bold and frugal nomads), just as they did four thousand years ago. A few smaller or larger oases, mostly the seats of the powerful tribal chiefs, are scattered over the desert. The Be¬ douin is always moving He wanders with his herds from one pasturage to an¬ other. During the rainy season he finds sustenance for them in the interior of the desert too. The rain causes sufficient nourishment to grow on the parched soil. But when the last drop has fallen and has rapidly evaporated the tribe must move on to where scanty nourishment can be found along the lower slopes of the mountains. Thus the Bedouins are continually on the move, continually quarrelling, and often enough having recourse to the vendetta. They are always ready to reap what the diligent peasant has laboriously sown and watered along the edge of the desert. Between the Arabian desert and the Persian mountains, Mesopotamia, one of the most ancient civilized countries of the world, stretches to the north-east. The two great twin streams Euphrats and Tigris flow through the vast flat basin of this country; still fertilizing it along their banks, whereas once they enr iched the whole huge district by means of a network of canals and made it into one great granary. In the north the Taurus cuts off the country from Armenia and Asia Minor. Syria and little Palestine which belongs to it VI geographically lie between the desert and the Mediterranean. Only the fertile district of the volcanic Hauran stretches like an oasis into the waste solitudes. Two great mountain ranges, those of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon fringe the sea¬ shore with their spurs and extend to the Peninsula of Sinai with their fertile fields among the wooded slopes. Syria, like the Arabian peninsula, lacks great rivers. Only the Orontes of the ancients in the north of the country and the Jordan in its subsided depression (which runs through eastern Palestine between the mountains of Judah and Trans-Jordania) are of any importance. The strangest geological phenomenon of the whole district is the Dead Sea. This salt lake is nearly 400 metres below the level of the Mediterranean and a quarter of its contents consists of solids. It is the deepest spot known on earth. The connection with Africa, to which Arabia in its geological formation and climatic conditions belongs, is now cut by the Suez Canal. To the south the Sinai Peninsula rises above the Red Sea with the rugged mounts of Serbal and Sinai, the highest peaks in Arabia. PALESTINE The beginnings of the history of Palestine are still wrapped in darkness, and many students suggest that the ancestors of the ancient Hebrews lived as nomads in the great Arabian desert and only settled down in the country in the year 1200 B. C. The belief in Yahveh, the One God, raised the Chosen People above all nations of antiquity and caused them to move along another spiritual path than their heathen neighbours. We all know the historical deve¬ lopment of the country from the Bible, and we are likewise familiar with the names of its kings and prophets. The magnificence of Jerusalem and her Temple in the days of Solomon projects its dazzling rays into our own times. But this all disappeared, and the days of the Old Testament have left few traces in the country. Only graves and cave tombs can be traced with certainty back to the times of ancient Israel. But a small part of the foundations of the old Temple remains. Here it is that the Jews still bewail the destruction of the Holy City. Otherwise, all that is left of that epoch are the remains of the old pools in and outside Jerusalem that once stored the water for the hot summer. To-day three pools near Bethlehem, called the Pools of Solomon, are being restored for the water-supply of Jerusalem. New excavations have at least traced the walls of ancient Jericho. In the year 302 B. C , Alexander the Great subjugated Judaea, and from that date on Hellenistic culture penetrated more and more into Palestine. After the conquest of Jerusalem by the Romans (63 B. C ), Roman culture found its way to Palestine. One recognizes the influence of foreign cultures in the three great tombs in the Valley of theKidron. They betray Greek and Late Egyptian forms. The building activity of the Romans in the country was very great. Theatres, temples, baths and aqueducts rose everyw here in the towns and villages to the very fringe of the desert. Numerous ruins bear witness to their great scale, and such ruins as Gerasa and Amman to the east of the VII Jordan and the graves of the rock city Petra in the south of the country, an old Nabataean town already decayed in the fourth century, still give an idea of the magnificence obtaining in the country in the days of Christ. Herod the Great, who ornamented Jerusalem with the most beautiful buildings, built himself a palace in Samaria. Its graceful columns breathe the spirit of the purest Hellenism. Jerusalem was destroyed (70 A. D.). Not a stone remained standing. A new Roman city was built on the ruins and did not even retain the old name. Where formerly the Temple of the Only God stood, a temple was erected to Jupiter, and no Jew was allowed to set foot in the town under penalty of death. On the fall of the old city, all the spots which held memories of the work and death of Christ in Jerusalem disappeared and were only preserved in tradition. Never¬ theless, early Christendom grew stronger in spite of all persecutions, and as early as the third century after the death of the Master, crowds of pilgrims came to visit the sacred places. Under the rule of the Emperor Constantine the Great, Jerusalem became a purely Christian town and heathendom disappeared com¬ pletely in the countryside. Judaism was pushed into the background. A few of its communities just managed to survive in Galilee where they prayed and taught in the old synagogues built in the Greco-Roman style, as the ruins of such a building in Capernaum show us. After the finding of the Cross by the Empress Helena extensive Christian building operations began. Over the spot where Constantine supposed the grave of Christ to be, the emperor erected a magni¬ ficent church which was consecrated in 336. But unluckily only a few remnants remain as it was burnt by the Persians in 614. However, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem has remained unchanged from the period of this Early Christian architecture and retains its old form in our own days. It is a large basilica with five aisles and trifoil-shaped apse, the model for so many other churches in the Holy Land, which completely disappeared during the troubles and wars of later periods. The numerous convents and monasteries that sprang up everywhere caused a great development of religious life. These religious settlements hid in the wild and remote valleys and ravines ot the desert. Like the monasteries of Thessaly and Athos they resemble castles clinging in dreadful solitude to the steep rocky sides of the mountains. Even when they were first built their situation was isolated. Such foundations dating from that epoch of purest Christianity, which have always been occupied by pious monks, still exist to-day in Mar Saba and in the convents on Mount Quarantana on which Jesus is said to have spent the forty days of his fast. The prosperity of the country was not destined to last long for the Persian king Chosroes II., who took the country from the East Roman emperors, completely destroyed many edifices erected by the Christians. Several of the churches became heaps of ruins. Fourteen years later the Greeks succeeded once more in obtaining possession of Jerusalem for a short time. But they could not oppose the ir¬ resistible attacks of the Arabs. In 657 the Caliph Omar took the town after a stubborn defence, and with him Arabic culture and art became predominant. VIII The Christians and their religion were tolerated by the new master; never¬ theless many a church was converted into a mosque, and the Crescent replaced the Cross. The outward appearance of the country speedily changed. The light, elegant architecture of the Arabs replaced the massive Byzantine structures. The first great edifices of Islam — the Dome of the Rock and its smaller and more graceful twin the Chain Dome — arose on the site of the old Temple of Solomon over the naked rocks of the great Altar of Burnt Offering, “the Rock hovering over the Abyss”, and at the same time the Aksa Mosque, a second sanctuary, was erected on the Place of the Rock. Both the Dome of the Rock (a cupola building) and the Aksa Mosque (a basilica) are probably modelled on the plan of the buildings that once stood on their site, and the Arab architects made use of many a column and detail of former epochs. The Place of the Temple was continually embellished during the course of the centuries: halls enclose the vast square, steps lead through graceful arcades to the Dome of the Rock and the whole site is covered with chapels and wells: charming jewels of Islamic architecture. All the spell of the Orient surrounds this spot. But there was to be no rest for the Holy Land. One Islamic dynasty followed on the heels of another; political conditions became more and more confused, and the religious differences between the Christians (who had remained in the sacred spots and were again supported by the Greeks) and Mohammedan rulers became greater and greater. The complaints of bad treatment of Christian pilgrims grew louder and more emphatic till the whole of the Occident joined to wrest the Holy Land from the infidels. Enthusiasm for the sacred cause produced the first successes of the Crusade. Jerusalem fell in 1099 and Godfrey of Bouillon was proclaimed king of Jerusalem The Christians were hardly able to hold the country for 200 years. Quarrels and dissensions paralysed and weakened the pious move¬ ment and in 1291, after the fall of Acre, the last point of support in the country where the flower of Christian knighthood had poured forth their blood was lost. But Frankish domination left many traces in Palestine. In Jerusalem the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was enlarged, a new and strange building was erected over the Tomb of the Virgin, in Hebron, Sarnana, Nazareth and other spots, mighty ecclesiastical edifices were built which were either destroyed later or turned into mosques. Fortified castles supported the rule of the Christians in all parts of the country. Many of them still exist as ruins, such as the great castle of Karak on the Dead Sea, the castles in Tiberias, on Lake Gennesaret and in Caesarea on the sea. Even in Jerusalem many architectural fragments remind one of the Frankish art of fortification. After the Franks retired, Palestine always remained an islamic country. Her rulers often changed and permanent wars destroyed more and more of the sacred relics. In 1516 the Tuiks conquered the country and she remained in their hands till but a short while ago. The Napoleonic adventure of 1799 and Egyptian sovereignty from 183 1 — 1840 were only intermezzi of no particular importance. It is impossible to say how Palestine will develop under the new regime. IX SYRIA Nature bestowed numerous and good harbours on the narrow Syrian coastal strip. Peninsulas with islands off tbeir coasts favoured the founding of sea¬ faring towns. Thus Tyre and Sidon, the capitals of the clever and bold trading nation, the Phoenicians, were built at an early date on the Syrian shore. As they were colonists and founders of cities they became the first intermediaries between the much older cultures of the Egyptians and Babylonians on the one hand and of the Occident on the other. The overpopulation of the country forced them to found colonies for which there was only room in the west, and thus the Phoenicians, as did the Jews later on, became the agents between Occident and Orient. From Phoenicia and from their greatest colony Carthage they sailed to Sicily, Spain, England, and the German amber coast. Greek authors attribute to them many inventions such as navigation, culture of the vine, the invention of glass and letters. In the Bible their towns are mentioned as examples of magnificence and wealth, and it was they who supplied Solomon with the precious cedar for the Temple. Sidon, at first of greater importance and the mother-town of Carthage, was soon outstripped by the island city of Tyre which long defended itself successfully against the Assyrians. After a siege of five years King Shal¬ maneser had to retire, and it was only Nebuchadnezzar who was finally able to include the city within the limits of the Babylonian Empire after a siege of thirteen years. The Persians had their chief naval ports and strongest maritime fortresses in Phoenicia, and thus it was imperative for Alexander to take Tyre if his rear was to be covered. He sat down before the city for seven months and it was only after he had built a dam — which is still recognizable to-day, though widened and partly covered with sand— that he was able to lay his hand on the Persian naval base. Although the city was practically destroyed, it soon recovered and still played a role in the history of Syria up to the twelfth century. Then it decayed, and to-day it is but a sad little town where hardly a stone reminds one of its old greatness. Only the numerous rock tombs in its vicinity betray its erstwhile importance. Persian rule was succeeded by Greek, and again a period of great prosperity began for Syria. In the north on the Orontes the great capital Antioch was founded. Damascus, which had already been the capital of a mighty state, became conspicuous in history again as a trading centre and a connecting link between the East and the West. In the year 64 B. C. the Romans sub¬ jugated the Seleucide Empire. Syria became a province of the great empire and Roman and Oriental splendour united in the numerous thriving cities. There is hardly one of the large ruined cities of the whole of Antiquity that shows us so distinctly to-day the picture of an ancient acropolis as does Baalbek on its heights. This is the Heliopolis of the ancients with its T emple of the Sun ; already famous in the times of the Romans. In the desert arose the fairy-like town of Palmyra which at a very early period was a central caravan trading station of Syria. It was here in the 3 rd century A. D. that that kingdom developed which X became celebrated under Zenobia who was defeated by the Romans and who as a prisoner graced the triumphal procession in Rome. Palmyra crumbled to ruins. The Roman rule lasted till well into the 7th century. Before Constantine had recognized Christianity as a state religion, numerous Christian communities had arisen who built churches on the basilica plan for the requirements of their religion. Their ruins are still to be found throughout the country. During the 6th century enormous edifices were often built, such for instance, as the four- aisled church in Kalaciman, around those spots where the strangest of all Christian ascetics spent their lives doing penance on solitary columns exposed to wind and weather. The most flourishing period of Christianity lasted till the year 61 1. The Persians under the Sassanian Chosroes II. invaded Syria and drove the East Romans out of the country. A severe blow had been struck at Christianity, and the short rule of the Byzantines, who were able to subjugate the Persians once more, could not again strengthen the country so much as to enable it to with¬ stand a new enemy. Under their great caliph Omar, the Arabs conquered the whole of Syria. The Byzantines were totally defeated on the Yarmuk in 636 and Damascus fell into the hands of the new master. This was not to the disadvantage of the city. The Omaiyades, who were a magnanimous and in¬ telligent line of rulers, transferred their court to this city and made it a centre of a flourishing social life. The largest mosque of Islam was erected on the ruins of an ancient Christian church and completed with great magnificence. Antique columns from the temples of the country and gold and precious woods were employed: were almost too lavishly used. In the mosque itself a chapel was erected around the shrine containing the head of John the Baptist. The building was often destroyed but always rose like a phoenix out of the ruins. Those strange hunting-lodges of the caliphs, such as Quesseir Amra with its gay frescos or Mshatta with its stone blocks carved so beautifully as to resemble filigree work, arose at the edge of the desert. The Omaiyad rule only lasted till the middle of the 8th century, whereupon a period of unrest and dissension among the successors followed. The seat of the Caliphate was removed from Damascus to Bagdad where it gradually lost its power over Syria. Side dynasties arose and perished and religious sects like the Druses and Assassins added to the internal troubles of the country. Thus the Crusaders found an easy prey. Antioch fell in the year 1098 and then in rapid succession the whole of Syria; only Damascus could never be taken. The Pranks did not stay long in the country. Saladin’s victories undermined their power, and all attempts to remain in Syria were in vain. The departure of the Crusaders did not bring peace. In the 1 5 th century tribes of the Kharezmians devastated the unhappy country. Then the Mongols under Hulagu plundered Syria till the intrepid Mameluke Beybars drove them out again. But the prosperity of the country had vanished when the bloody Mongolian prince Timur erected his pyramids of sculls in the Orient. Damascus suffered terribly and lost her scholars and celebrated armourers whom the Mongol transplanted to his capital Samarkand. Syria’s role in history was played. In 1516 XI it submitted to the Turks, and the country remained Turkish— with the exception of a few years of Egyptian rule— till the end of the Great War. MESOPOTAMIA The beginnings of the history of the country between the Euphrates and Tigris are dark. The most ancient inhabitants were the Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who dwelt in stately cities on the lower reaches of the Euphrates. Of these early days about 4000 B. C. we hear of Chaldean Ur which was the home of the patriarch Abraham and we hear of other names in the Bible from that dim period. Numerous town kingdoms sprang up and they were continu¬ ally struggling one with another till finally the hand of an energetic monarch, Hammurabi of Babylon, was able to found a strong united kingdom in the south of Mesopotamia. To the north the kingdom of Assur on the upper Tigris grew stronger and stronger during the period of about 1 500 B. C. To-day the ruins of this first important city in Assyria bear witness to its power and greatness. Later on the residence was moved to Calah and Nineveh. A long struggle began between Babylon and Assur for the hegemony. The Assyrians were the victors and soon their active kings held sway over all the country between Persia and the Mediterranean. The restless city of Babylon was destroyed in 689 by Sennacherib, but his son Asarhaddar rebuilt it in a most beautiful manner. The Assyrian Empire was unable to withstand the attacks of the Medes. This new power took Nineveh and totally destroyed it in 606. Assyria was completely vanquished, but the Chaldean Nabopolassar erected a new empire in Babylonia and another period of prosperity began for the capital. Nebuchadnezzar beautified the city with temples and gateways, and the recently excavated Ishtar Gate with its magnificent coating of glazed tiles was erected during his reign. The second Babylonian Empire did not last long. The Persian king Cyrus entered Babylon as victor as early as 589 B. C., and the Persians remained the masters of all Mesopotamia and Syria till Alexander the Great also destroyed their em¬ pire. The mounds of ruins of the mighty ancient Mesopotamian cities are still characteristic of the landscape. Scattered along the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris the eyes of the traveller are attracted by them from afar. Excavations during the 19th century brought the old cities of Babylon and Assur to light again and our knowledge of their plan and buildings is continually increasing. The Zikkurats, enormous temple towers with huge terraces, gateways with gigantic winged monsters having bearded human heads, private houses and palaces emerge from the ruins of Babylon, Assur Nimrud and the other colossal cities. But much remains to be found, and on the ruins of Nineveh stands Nebi Musa with the sanctuary of Jonah by whom the city had been cursed. Thus all successful excavating in Nineveh is hindered. The times between Alexander’s successors, the Seleucids, till up to the Arab invasions are a series of complicat- XII ed and confused events and by no means sufficiently investigated. The Romans became the heirs of the Seleucids, but their inheritance was very burdensome. The Parthians, a powerful Iranic tribe of nomads, came into contact with the frontiers of the Roman Empire on the Euphrates. Thus there were enough points of friction to prevent the two from living in peace side by side. The Sassanidae continued the struggle against the Romans. They were in full pos¬ session of Southern Mesopotamia where their energetic rulers had their resi¬ dence in Ctesiphon. Centuries of contact with the Romans had introduced many innovations to the Orientals. The construction of brick and mortar vault¬ ing, which the Romans developed to perfection, was imitated by the Arsacidae and Sassanidae, and the enormous palace halls were erected which are still preserved in Hatra (built about 200 A. D.) and in Ctesiphon, the mighty hall of which was vaulted in about 250. A new epoch dawned for the Orient. The Ambs took Ctesiphon in 637 and the Sassanid Empire soon disappeared. The last great epoch of the country began. When after the dispersal of the Omaiyads the Abbassides established a residence in Bagdad, a final period of prosperity began for the country of the twin streams. Bagdad became under the Caliphs the fairy-tale city of the Arabian Nights. All arts were revived, and once more edifices arose on the banks of the Tigris in all the splendour of their Orien¬ tal colouring and beauty, and it was in Samarra about 850 that the caliph Mutta- vakkil built a huge palace with enormous mosques and strange minarets which remind, one of the ancient Babylonian temple towers. And it was in those days that the wise caliph Harun-al-Rashid was living. But yet the period of Arab sovereignty was only apparently one of prosperity. The Arabs could conquer but not stave off decay. As the power of the caliphs waned, the country declined more and more, and the restless nomad invaders from the east gradually destroyed the old magnificence that had always attracted the predatory peoples of the East. And after, in addition to these, the Mongolians had devastated the country during the 1 3 th and 14th centuries, the silence of death reigned where once there was life and prosperity. Turkish rule was of no avail. The canals fell in or were choked up and the desert pushed its way further and further over the fields which in ancient days busy hands had made fertile and kept fertile. ARABIA Arabia is the home of the Semites and herein lay its great historical destiny. Erom this store-house of humanity fresh hordes of nomadic Arabs continued to penetrate into the neighbouring territories and settled there. As early as 3000 B. C. the penetration of the neighbouring countries by the Semites had begun and whenever the poor and unfertile country was over-populated new crowds were forced to leave their home and emigrate to Syria or even Egypt. It was from Arabia that the tribes of Israel went to Palestine, though according XIII to the Bible this was by way of Chaldea. The information one has of all these migrations is of a very uncertain character, and we know still less about the history of the continual wars and quarrels of the nomadic Bedouins in the interior of the peninsula It was only on the edges that states could be established which had a regular course of development that may be treated from an historical point of view. In Antiquity there was only a narrow coastal strip that was im¬ portant in the whole huge peninsula, namely on the shores of the Red Sea. Here flourished as early as a thousand years before the birth of Christ the mighty states of the Sabeans and Mineans. The former, whose queen once gained the affections of Solomon, were a trading people who effected the interchange of goods between India, Egypt and the Mediterranean countries. It was only when Alexandria monopolized the trade of India that the kingdom in Yemen lost its importance. It is said that fabulous riches were accumulated in Arabia Felix, “Happy Arabia”, and one may readily understand why the insatiable Romans endeavoured, though unsuccessfully, to subjugate the country. But they were only able to conquer the empire of the Nabataeans in the north with its capital Petra and to impose their culture there, as the well-preserved remains of tombs and buildings in this desert city prove. All that is preserved from the times of the Sabeans and Mineans are inscriptions and scanty remains of interesting water works in the south of the country. Not much more than fragments of walls of the castles and temples of which these inscriptions tell us now remain. Arabia only becomes historically interesting for the rest of the world with the appearance of Mohammed the Prophet. It was he who united the tribes of his country by his new religion and inspired them to deeds that revo¬ lutionized the Orient from within and recast it in a new form. Mecca, that had always been sacred because of its ancient cult of the Caaba, and Medina, where the Prophet is buried, became the spiritual centres of an ever spreading Islamism. The pilgrimage to Mecca, which each of the Faithful had to under¬ take once in his life, served as a tie within the religion which soon encircled half the world. The Caliphs first had their seat in Medina, but soon transferred their residence to the great cities they conquered. The country of their original home became of secondary importance. After the Omaiyads had moved to Damascus Arabia was only a mere province of the great Islamic state. For us it always remained a country of fairy-tales and the « Arabian Nights», and our knowledge about it is but small. Arabia is still one of the least explored districts of the world. It is still almost impossible for Europeans to travel in the interior of the country. The infidel is still strictly forbidden to set foot in the sacred cities of Mecca and Medina. We must be satisfied with the meagre reports about the country to obtain which many a bold explorer has lost his life. This fairy-land only exists in our imagination. But the reality seems to outdo fancy. Nowhere in the world are there places of such romantic beauty as Sanaa and many other spots in Yemen. Here we find the Orient in its pristine state at the birthplace of Islam. XIV Only a single Christian enclave survived the storms of all the centuries. From the middle of the 4th century anchorites had settled in the gorges of Sinai. At the beginning the bold hermits suffered very much, and manv died the death of a martyr. But since the Emperor Justinian (530) had turned the Monastery of St. Catherine at the foot of Jebel Musa into a stronghold the monks were able to remain there in safety. The solitude and their hospitality, which was also accorded to the Moslems, was their best safeguard. Thus it was that a small Christian community could flourish modestly in the heart of Islam on a little spot that is equally sacred to Jew, Christian and Moslem. XV INDEX OF NAMES AND PLACES Acre 183—199 Ain Musa 300 Aleppo 237—239 Arabia 276 304 Arbela 251 Arabian Desert 293, 301 Artas 116 Assur 256—258 Baalbek 229-235 Babylon 254 — 255 Bagdad 273 Bethlehem 100 — 112, 114 Bey rout 212, 213 Borsippa 259 Cana 174 Capernaum 180 Carmel 190 — 192 Cedars of Lebanon 216, 217 Chidr Elias 247 Ctesiphon 268 Damascus 218 — 228 Dead Sea 140 Desert of Judah 126 — 128 132, 133 Diarbckr 244- 246 El Arish 125 El Galil 279 El Hagari 285 Gaza 124 Gennesaret,Lakeof 185, 188, 189 Habra 264 Hebron 118 - 1 23 Hisn Kef 250 Hosn Suleiman 203 Jaffa 200, 201 Jacob’s Well 164 Jericho 129, 137-139 Jerusalem Castle of David 10 Chamber of the LastSupper 27 Church of the Holy Sepulchre 12-25 Church ol the Tomb of the Virgin 76 — 79 Citadel 1 Dome of the Ascension and Mosque 86, 87 Ecce Homo Arch 61 Gates and City Wall 70—75 Gethsemane 82 — 85 Gordon’s Tomb 26 Grotto of Jeremiah 97 Jewish Tombs 88 — 93 Mohammedan Tombs 94 — 96 Place of the Temple 28—53 Pool of the Patriarch 1 1 Street Scenes 63 — 69 Via Dolorosa 60 Views 2—9, 98, 99 Wailing Place of theJews54-58 Jiddah 292 Judah, Desert of 126—128, 132, 133 Kalat 145 Kerbela 269 Kerkuk 265 Koweit 277 Lebanon 214, 215 Ma’an 141 Magdala 187 Mar Saba 148-156 Medina 287-288 Mecca 290-292 Mesopotamia 241 - 245 Mocha 286 Mosul 263, 266 Mshatta 202 Muscat 276 Nabulus 158 Nazareth 175 — 179 Nebi Yunus 261, 262 Nebi Musa 130, 131 Nimrud 260 Nineveh 261, 262 Palestine 1—201 Palmyra 240 — 243 Petra 302-304 Pools of Solomon 115 Ramallah 114 Ramleh 181 Redaa 278 Samaria 165—171 Samarra 267 Sanaa 280-284 Sheikh Adi 270 Sidon 208-211 Sinai 294—299 Syria 202 — 243 Tabor 182 Taiz 289 Takrit 252 Tiberias 183, 186 Tripoli 236 Tyre 205—207 Ur fa 248 Wadi En Nar 146, 257 Zenobia 253 The photographs of Plates 276-286 and 289 were lent by Dr. Max Ginsberg from the property left by Hermann Burchardt the explorer who was killed in Yemen in 1909. The following gentlemen kindly contributed photographs: Dr. Gratzl, Munich, for Pis. 141, 237. 239, 302, 303; Dr. Bachmann, Dresden, for Pis. 238, 251, 265, 270, 272; Lieutenant-Colonel Baumann, Munich, for Pis. 142-145,292,296; Benzinger, Stuttgart, Photographic Publishing House, for Pis. 288, 290, 291; Dr. Berliner, Munich, for Pis. 248-250; Bonfils, Beyrout, for Pis 9, 81, 241; Dr. Gottsberger, Munich, for Pis. 236, 293-295, 297-301, 304; Dr. Guver, Munich, for Pis. 248 250; Messrs. Lehnert & Landrock, Cairo, for Pis 6, 10, 16, 17, 22, 26-28, 30-32, 56, 57, 63. 66, 70, 73 75, 77 97, 100, 105, 109, 110, 1 12, 113, 1 16-118, 128, 134, 159, 175, 176, 178, 184, 187, 194, 212-215, 221, 224-230; Dr. Moritz, War Archives, Munich, for PL 210; Dr. Franz Stoedtner, Berlin, for PI. 269; Dr. Preusser, Berlin, for Pis. 246, 247, 253-260, 264, 271, 273-275; Dr. Saphra, Suhl, for Pis. 124, 125; Dr. Sarre, Berlin, for Pis. 252, 266-268; E. Schultheiss, Gernsbach, for Pis. 261-263; Dr. Sobcrnheim, Berlin, for PI 243; American Colony, Jerusalem, for Pis. 3, 11,12,34,35, 111, 185; State Photographic Bureau, Berlin, for Pis. 202, 203, 240. All the other photographs were taken by the author. XVI V^>1 E$V "o 0 __ VIWVUHOfS m va i Jerusalem Citadel Jerusalem La Citadelle Jerusalem. Citadelle Gerusalemme La Cittadella JerusalAn. La Ciudadela 1 2 3 Gerusalemme. Veduta della citt& dal Monte Sion Jerusal^n. Vista de la Ciudad desde el Monte Si6n A Jerusalem. Place of the Temple Jerusalem. La place du Temple 5 6 p a E <u h a> ■o o < o c <d CD o i_ D C p (0 ID D i_ <u “) o a E <d h a> D (d N N (0 a p 5 (D CO k- D E _i a> E E O' (0 CD D c d) CD Jerusalem. Mauern am Tempelplatz Jerusalem. View of the Castle of David from the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem. Le chateau de David, vu de I'bglise du Saint- S6pulcre Jerusalem. Blick von der Grabeskirche auf die Davidsburg Gerusalemme. Veduta sulla Rocca di Davide dalla Chiesa del Sepofcro Jerusal6n. Vista de la Fortaleza de David desde la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro 8 Jerusalem. Corner of the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Un coin de la place du Temple Jerusalem. Winkel am Tempelpletz Gerusalemme. Un angolo della piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n. Espuina del Atrio del Templo 9 io 11 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Facade Jerusalem. La facade de I’dghse du Saint- S6pulcre Jerusalem. HI Grabkirche. Fassade Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro, Facciata Jerusalem Fachada de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro 12 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Portal Jerusalem. Le portail de l'6ghse du Samt-S6pulcre Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche Portal Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro Portale Jerusal^n. Portal de la Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro 13 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Main Dome Jerusalem La coupole principale de l.dglise du Saint- Sdpulcre Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Hauptkuppel Gerusalemme. La Chlesa del Santo Sepolcro La cupola maggiore Jerusal6n Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Bdveda principal 14 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Chapel of the Agony of the Virgin Jerusalem. L'dghse du Saint-S6pulcre. La chapelle des Douleurs Jerusalem HI Grabkirche Schmerzenskapelle Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. La Cappella dei Dolori Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro Capilla de la Agonla 15 Jerusalem. Church of the Holy .Sepulchre. Golgatha Jerusalem. L'bghse du Saint- Sbpulcre. Golgatha Jerusalem HI Grabkirche Golgatha Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. II Golgota Jerusalbn. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Gblgota 16 Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem L endroit de I'lnvention de la Sainte Croix Chapel of the Invention of the Cross Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Ort der Kreuzauffindung Gerusalemme La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. II posto dove fu ritrovata la Croce Jerusaldn. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Cripta en donde Santa Elena encontrd la Verdadera Cruz 17 Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Stone of Unction Jerusalem. £glise du Saint-S^pulcre La Pierre de I'Onction Jerusalem. HI Grabkirche. Salbenstein. Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. La pietra dell'unzione Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro Piedra de la Uncibn 18 Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Entrance to the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem Entr6e de la chapelle fun6raire Jerusalem. HI. Grabkirche. Eingang zur Grabkapelle Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro lngre3so alia Cappella del Sepolcro. Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Entrada de la Capilla del Santo Sepulcro 19 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Choir of the Greek Cathedral Jerusalem, Int6rieur du chceur grec Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche. Im Gnechenchor Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro Nel Coro dei Greci Jerusalem Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. En el Coro de la Iglesia Gnega 20 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre Catholicon Jerusalem, £ghse du Saint - Sdpulcre Le Catholicon Jerusalem HI Grabkirche. Katholikon Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro Reparto cattolico Jerusaldn, Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro Catolicbn 21 Jerusalem. Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Chapel of St. Helena Jerusalem. La chapelle de Sainte - H6l6ne 0 Jerusalem. HI. Grabkirche. Helenakapelle Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. La Capella di Sant'Elena Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. Capilla de Santa Elena 22 Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Praying Monk Jerusalem. £ghse du Saint -S6pulcre. Mome priant aupr6s de la "V6ritable Longueur du Christ" Jerusalem HI. Grabkirche M6nch an der Wahren Lange Christi" betend Gerusalemme. La Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro. Un frate Jerusal6n. Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro. assorto in preghiera presso la "Vera Lunghezza di Cristo" Monje orando 23 Jerusalem. Abyssinian village on the roof of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem Village abyssm sur le toit de I'bglise du Saint- Sbpulcre Jerusalem Abessimerdorf auf dem Dach der HI. Grabkirche Gerusalemme. Villaggio Abissino sul tetto della Chiesa del Santo Sepolcro Jerusalbn. la Aldea de Abisinios en el techo de Iglesia del Santo Sepulcro 24 Jerusalem Abyssinian Priests Jerusalem PrStre abyssin Jerusalem Abessmischer Priester Gerusalemme Sacerdote Abissmo Jerusaien Sacerdote abisimo 25 26 27 Jerusalem. Entrance to the Place of the Temple Jerusalem, Entree de la place du Temple Jerusalem Eingang zum Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. L'ingresso alia piazza del Tempio Jerusal^n Entrada del Atrio del Templo 28 Jerusalem. Entrance to the Place of the Temple ' Jerusalem Entree de la place du Temple Jerusalem. Eingang zum Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. L ingresso alia piazza del Tempio Jerusalen, Entrada del Atrio del Templo 29 30 31 32 Gerusalemme. II Duomo della Roccia ed il Duomo delle 33 Jerusalem. Dome of the Rock. Interior Jerusalem. Intdrieur du D6me du Roc Jerusalem. Innenansicht des Felsendoms Gerusalemme. Veduta interna del Duomo di Roccia Jerusalem Interior de la Catedral de la Roca 34 Jerusalem. Dome of the Rock. Interior Jerusalem Intdneur du DOme du Roc Jerusalem. Innenansicht des Felsendoms Gerusalemme. Veduta interna del Duomo di Roccia Jerusal6n Interior de la Catedrai de la Rocs 35 36 Gerusalemme. Portale del Duomo d, Roccia Jerusaldn. Portal de la Catedral de la Roca 37 Gerusalemme. Pulpito sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusai^n Pulpito en el Atrio del Ternpio Jerusalem Dome of the Cham • brusalem Le Dome de la ChaTne Jerusalem. Kettendom. Durchblick Jerusalemme. II Duomo della Catena >erusalbn Vista de la Catedral de la Cadena 38 Jerusalem. Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Gerusalemme. Piazza del Tempio. Cornice Jerusalem. Place du Temple. Encadrement de porte Tempelplatz. Torumrahmung d'una porta Jerusaldn. Atrio del Tempio. Puerta 39 40 41 lerusalemme Cappella sulla piazza dal Tempio Jerusalem. El Aksa Mosque Jerusalem. Mosqude d'EI Aqsa Jerusalem. Aqsamoschee Gerusalemme. La Moschea d'Aqsa Jerusaldn. Mezquita de Aqsa 42 Jerusalem. Minaret. El Aksa Mosque Jerusalem. Minaret de la mosqu^e d'EI Aqsa Jerusalem. Minaret an der Aqsamoschee Gerusalemme. Un minareto della Moschea d'Aqsa Jerusaldn. Minarete de la Mezquita de Aqsa 43 44 45 t Jerusalem. Chapel in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Chapelle sur la Place du Temple Jerusalem. Kapelle auf dem Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. Cappella sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusaldn. Capilla en el Atrio del Templo 46 Jerusalem. Fountain in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem Fontaine sur la Place du Temple Jerusalem. Brunnen auf dem Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. Fontana sulla piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n Fuente en el Atrio del Templo 47 Jerusalem. View of the Place of the Temple Jerusalem. Coup d'oeil sur la Place du Temple Jerusalem. Durchblick auf den Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. Colpo d'occhrio sulla piazza del'Tempio Jerusalem Vista del Atrio del Templo 48 Jerusalem. View of the Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Vue du D6me du Roc Jerusalem. Blick auf den Felsendom Gerusalemme. Veduta sul Duomo di Roccia Jerusalem Vista de la Catedral de la Roca 49 Jerusalem Fountain Chapel in the Place of the Temple Jerusalem Chapelle de puits sur la Place du Temple Jerusalem. Brunnenkapelle auf dem Tempelplatz Gerusalemme La Cappella delle Fontane sulla piazza Jerusalem Capilla de la Fuente en el Atno del Tempio del 1 emplo 50 Jerusalem Arcades in the Place ot the Temple Jerusalem Arcades de la Place du Temple Jerusalem. Arkaden auf dem Tempelplatz Gerusalemme. I Portlci della piazza del Tempio Jerusalem Arcadas en el Atrio del Templo 51 52 Gerusalemme. La piazza del Tempio col Monte degli Uliv, Jerusal^n. Atrio del Temple y Monte de los Olivos 53 Gerusalemme II Monte degli ulivi visto dalla piazza del Tempio Jerusal6n El Monte de los Olivos visto del Atrio del Templo Jerusalem. Wailing Place of the Jews Jerusalem. Le mur des Lamentations des juifs Jerusalem. Klagemauer der Juden Gerusalemme. II muro delle Lamentazionl degll Ebrei Jerusalbn Muro de las Lamentaciones de los Judlos 54 fmmm* Jerusalem. Jews at the Wailing Place of the Jews Jerusalem. Juifs au pied du mur des Lamentations Jerusalem. Juden an der Klagemauer Gerusalemme. Ebrei presso il Muro delle Jerusal6n. Judlos cerca del Muro de las Lamentazioni Lamentaciones 55 it*.- - L." - 5 * ■Xyji W- t * JILL V- w 41 1 ' mm'U |0 ' :' f , m ’IK i-Ui 1 ***■•* ,^s. ^ jau| Pi gsTS**’ . Jerusalem. Jews going to Synagogue Jerusalem. Juifs se rendant & la synagogue Jerusalem. Juden aut dem Gang zur Synagoge Gerusalemme. Ebrei che s'awiano alia Sinagoga Jerusalem Judlos que se dirigen a la Sinagoga 56 Jerusalem. Small Synagogue at the Wailing Place of the Jews J6rusalem. Petite synagogue au dessus du mur des Lamentations Jerusalem Kleine Synagoge uber der Klagemauer 57 Gerusalemme. Piccola Sinagoga al disopra del Muro delle Lamentazioni Jerusal6n Pequefta Sinagoga sobre el Muro de las Lamantaciones / 58 Gerusaiemme Ebrei presso il Muro delle Lamentaziom Jerusal6n Judios cerca del Muro de las Lamentaciones 59 V.-N Jerusalem. Via dolorosa Jerusalem Via dolorosa Jerusalem. Via dolorosa Gerusalemme. La Via Dolorosa Jerusalem Via Dolorosa 60 Jerusalem Ecce Homo- Arch Jerusalem L'Arc de lecce-homo Jerusalem Ecce Homo-Bogen Gerusalemme. L'Arcata dell'Ecce Homo Jerusal6n. Arcada Ecce Homo 61 62 Gerusalemme II movimento nella strada Jerusal£n. Vista de una calls 63 / Jerusalem. Street scene Jerusalem. Une rue Jerusalem. StraBenbild Gerusalemme. II morimento nella strada Jerusalem Vista de una calle 64 Jerusalem. Street scene Jerusalem. Une rue i Jerusalem. StraQenbild Gerusalemme. Una strada Jerusal6n. Vista de una calle 65 Jerusalem. Front Door of a returning Mecca Pilgrim Jerusalem. Porte de la maison d'un p6lerin revenant de la Mecque Jerusalem. Hausture eines heimkehrenden Mekkapilgers Gerusalemme. La porta di casa di un pellegrino che torna dalla Mecca Jerusalem Puerta de la casa de un peregrino que vuelve de la Meca 66 Jerusalem. Moscheewflchter auf dem Olberg Gerusalemme. Guardiano addetto alia Moschea sul Monte degli Ulivi Jerusal6n. Guardian de la Mezquita en el Monte de los Olivos Jerusalem. Mosque guard on the Mount of Olives Jerusalem. Gardien de la mosqu6e du mont des Oliviers 67 Jerusalem. Street scene Jerusalem. Une rue Jerusalem. StraBenbild Gerusalemme. Una strada Jerusalem Vista de una calle 68 Jerusalem. Fountain Jerusalem. Fontaine Jerusalem. Brunnen. Gerusalemme. Fontana Jerusal6n. Fuente 69 70 Q) c fO C C 0 £> 0 UJ 0) l±J tn C 0 ■Q 0 [f) 0 0 V L. 0 2 a L. 0 0 D Q) Q. ■o 2 (0 A) c i_ 0) a 0 0 D 0 2 T) <a 0 L. D D E C SD 0 0 0 (0 (0 0 0 D □ c L. 0 0 >0 r “) “> a 0 55 E 0 i_ 0 D 0 E T3 0 8) 0 c 0 E 0 0 *-* (/) 0 0 0 D L. c 0 0 (/) “> 71 72 Jerusalem. Dung Gate Jerusalem. La porte des Ordures 0 0 E 0 0 0 T> 0 0 CL E 0) 0 0) D L_ sd “) 0) 0 CD cn D 0 0) <d E 0 □ E 0 (0 in D l_ 0 “> 0 0 in <d E 0 Q d) "0 0 0 D Q. <d c >0 id in J l_ 0 "> L. 0 0 D in (d E (d Q E 0 (d in D i_ 0 “> 0 0 0 <0 E 0 Q ■6 0 XL 0 Dl 0 -J ai E E 0 0 0 D L. 0 CD 73 Jerusalem. Gate ot Zion Jerusalem. Porte de Sion Jerusalem. Sionstor Gerusalemme. La Porta di Sion Jerusalem La Puerta de Sion 74 Jerusalem. Golden Gate Jerusalem. Porte Dorde Jerusalem. Goldenes Tor Gerusalemme. La Porta d'Oro Jerusal6n. Puerta Dorada 75 76 77 Jerusalem. Staircase, Tomb of the Virgin Jerusalem. Escalier du tombeau de la Vierge Jerusalem. Treppe am Mariengrab Gerusalemme. La Scala del Sepolcro di Maria Jerusalem Gradas en el Sepulcro de la Virgen 78 Jerusalem. Church of the tomb of the Virgin. Portal Jerusalem. Portail du tombeau de la Vierge Jerusalem. Portal der Grabkirche Maria Gerusalemme. Portale del Sepolcro di Maria Jerusal6n. Portal de la Iglesia del Sepulcro de la Virgen 79 Jerusalem. Jacob's Tomb on Mount Zion Jerusalem. Tombeau de Jacob sur le mont Sion Jerusalem. Grab Jacobs auf dem Berge Sion Gerusalemme. II Sepolcro di Giacobbe sul Monte Sion Jerusalem Sepulcro de Jacob en el Monte Sion 80 Jerusalem. Pool of Siloah, Minaret Jerusalem. Minaret pr6s de l'6tang de S I06 Jerusalem. Minaret am Teiche Siloe Gerusalemme. Minareto sullo stagno di Siloe Jerusalem Minarete en el Estanque de Siloe 81 82 Gerusalemme. II Monte degli Ulivi coll'Orto di Getsemaoe Jerusal^n. Monte de los Olivos y el Huerto de Gethsemanl 83 Gerusalemme. L'Orto di Getsemane Jerusal^n. El Huerto de Gethsemam Jerusalem. Entrance to the Garden of Gethsemane Jerusalem. Entree du jardin de Geths^mani Jerusalem. Eingang zum Garten Gethsemane Gerusalemme. Ingresso all'Orto di Getsemane Jerusaldn. Entrada del Huerto de Gethsemani 84 Jeruselem. Garden of Gethsemane Jerusalem. Les abords du Jardin de Gethsdmani Jerusalem. Am Garten Gethsemane Gerusalemme. Nei press! dell'Orto di Getsemane Jerusal6n. En el Huerto de Gethsemam 85 Jerusalem. Mosque on the Mount of Olives Jerusalem. Mosqu6e sur le mont des Oliviers Jerusalem Moschee auf dem Olberg Gerusalemme. Moschea sul Monte degli Ulivi Jerusalem Mezquita en el Huerto de los Olivos 86 Jerusalem Chapel of the Ascension on the Mount Jerusalem. La chapelle de I'Ascension sur le mont of Olives des Oliviers Jerusalem. Himmelfahrtskapelle auf dem Olberg Gerusalemme La Capella dell'Assunzione sul Monte degli Ulivi Jerusalbn. Capilla de la Asuncibn en el Monte de los Olivos 87 88 Gerusalemme. La Valle di Giosafat con sepolture ebraiche Jerusalbn. Valle de Josafat y tumbas de judfos 0 £ a 03 0 0 “) (1) "0 0 ;0 0 > 0 0 C 03 -o 2, D <0 0) X) E 0 E 0) 03 if) 3 i_ KD “) 03 r a 0) tn 0 ”> 0 h E X) 03 i_ CD 0 0 r o CO XJ a 03 X a OJ x 0 0 x o 0 > 0 0 > 0 £ C 0 > 0 L. CD £ 0 2 0 E 0 0 0 □ i— 0 ”) E 0 0 0 D V- 0 “> 0 0 0 0 1 0 x» 0 0 > 0 c 0 0 V 3 ~) 0 XI E 3 h c jD 0 0 3 i — 0 *"> 0 0 0 0 CD t3 0 0 > 0 0 c 0 0 0 l_ X) 0 0 X) E o 0 c D 0 E E 0 0 0 D L. 0 0 09 fl' 5- J 90 2 ‘5 g c JO (L) c 2 ID D IS in D a)-D <6 a) br'H) sd = C (0 D > U) C a> E D C 0 E JD (0 in D l_ SD “) (0 91 Jerusalem. Tomb of Absalom in the Valley of the Kidron Jerusalem. Tombeau d'Absalon dans la vallbe du Cedron Jerusalem. Absalonsgrab im Kidrontal Gerusalemme. II sepolcro di Assalonne nella valle del Cedrone Jerusalem Sepulcro de Absalbn en el Valle del Cedrbn Jerusalem, Grotto of St. James in the Valley of the Kidron Jerusalem. Tombeau de Jacob dans la vall6e du C6dron Jerusalem. Jakobsgrab im Kidrontal Gerusalemme. La tomba di Giacobbe nella Valle del Cedrone Jerusal6n. Sepulcro de Jacob en el Valle del Cedrbn 93 94 95 96 97 98 QQ Gerusalemme Veduta di Betlemme dal Monte degli Ulivi Jerusa!6n. Vista de Bel6n desde Monte de los Olivos ioo Bethlehem ioi Bethlehem Bethldem 102 Betlemme. La Chiesa della Nativity Bel^n Iglesia de la Natividad 103 104 Betlemme. Una Messa nella Chiese della Nativity Bel^n. Servicio relig.oso en la Iglesia de la Natividad 105 Bethlehem. Worshippers In the Church of the Nativity Bethldem. Fidfeles priant dans I'dglise de la Nativity Bethlehem Beter in der Geburtskirche Betlemme. I fedeli nella Chiesa della Nativity Belbn Fieles orando en la Iglesia de la Natividad 106 Bethlehem. Entrance to the Grotto of the Nativity Bethl6em. Entr6e de la Grotte de la Nativitd Bethlehem. Am Eingang zur Geburtsgrotte Betlemme L'mgresso alia Grotta della Nativity Bel6n. Entrada de la Gruta de la Natividad 107 Bethlehem. Main Entrance of the Church Bethl^em. Entree principale de I dolise of the Nativity de la Nativity Bethlehem. Der Haupteingang zur Geburtskirche Betlemme. L'ingresso principale alia Chiesa della Nativita Bel6n. Entrada principal de la Iglesia de la Natividad 108 Bethlehem. Market Scene Bethl6em. Un Jour de march^ Bethlehem. Marktbild Betlemme. Mercato Bel6n. En el mercado 109 no Ill Bethlehem. Married woman from Bethlehem Bethl^em. Femme marine de Bethldem Bethlehem. Verheiratete Frau aus Bethlehem Betlemme. Donna maritata di Betlemme Bel6n. Mujer de Bel6n 112 Girl from Ramaliah Jeune fille de Ramaliah Madchen aus Ramaliah Ragazza di Ramaliah Muchacha de Ramaliah 113 114 > 115 I Laghi di Salomone Los Estanques de Salomdn 116 ArtSs und die Salomonischen Garten 117 Bethania 116 Hebrcin 119 Hebron. Street Scene Hebron. Courtyard Hebron. Aspetto di un cortile H6bron. Une cour de maison Hebron. Hofwinkel Hebrbn. Esquma de un patio 120 Hebron. Haram H6bron. Le Haram Hebron. Am Haram Hebron. Sull'Haram Hebrbn. En el Har6n 121 Hebron. Street Scene Hebron, Una Strada H6bron. Une rue Hebron StraQenbild Hebrdn. Vista de una calle 122 Hebron. Haram, Stairs H6bron Escalier conduisant au Haram Hebron. Treppe zum Haram Hebron. La scalrnata dell'Hararr-i Hebrdn Escalera del Har6n 123 124 Gaza 125 L'oasi a, el-ArTsch Oas,s el - Arisch 126 t 127 Wuste Juda 128 M Chan del buon Samaritano 129 Co^v©r>to *r© '© rocc*© d©i Qu©r©r»t©r»© Monestefo «r> ias rocas de1 monte Ounrentana 130 Nebi M0s& Nebi MOsS 131 Nebi MOs&. Tomb of Moses Nebi MOsa. Tombeau de Moise 132 i J3 Graber in der Wuste Juda 134 >r 135 Le Jourdain ^'ace of Christ s baptism in the Jordan L'endroit ou le Christ fut baptist dans le Jourdam Taufstelle Christi am Jordan i post ove awenne il battesimo di Cristo nel Giordano 13b Lugar del Jordan en donde Cristo tue bautizado fhe Gardens of Jericho Les Jardins de J6richo Die Garten von Jericho if giardini di Gerico Los jardmes de J6rico 138 Gerico. La Moschea El Valle de J6rico. Mezquita 139 '40 II Mare Morto 141 N/a'&ri Thunderstor'n (morrvng) Ma'&n Orage du matin ' - pr 142 Gerasa. Sftulenhalle M3 Gerasa. Rovine di un tempio Gerasa. Ruinas de un templo 144 paese neMa Transgiordania Aioea ae ^'ra'-'*|oraa 145 El - Kerak sul Mare Morto El-Kerak en el Mar Mu*»rto 146 II Wadi en-Nar Wadi en-Nar 147 Mar Saba. Convento greco Mar Saba. Monasterio griego Mar S&bS. Buttresses of the Monastery Church Mar S&ba. Contreforts de l'6glise du couvent M&r SSba. Strebepfeiler an der Klosterkirche Mar Saba. I pilastn della chiesa del convento Mar Saba. Contrafuertes de la Iglesia del Monasterio 148 Mar SSbS. Tower of Eudoxia and Monastery MSr Saba. Tour d'Eudoxie et b&timents du couvent MSr Sabck. Turm der Eudoxia und Klosterbauten M3r Saba. La torre di Eudossia ed altn edifizi del convento Mar Saba. Torre de Santa Eudosia y Edificios del Monasterio 149 tjuu. M3r Saba. Corner of the stairs Mar Saba Treppenwinkel Mar Saba. Angolo caratteristico della scalinata Mar Saba Un coin de I'escalier Mar Saba. Rincbn de la escalera 150 M6r S6b&. Monastery courtyard Mar S£bS Im Klosterhof Mdr S6b6. Nel cortile del convento Mar S&bS La cour du couvent Mar SabS. Patio del Convento 151 Mar Saba. Chrysorrhoas Chapel Mar SabS. Chapelle de Chrysorrhoas Mar Saba. Chrysorrhoaskapelle Mar Saba. La cappella di Chrysorrhoas Mar Saba. Capilla de Chrysorrhoas 152 Mar Saba. Monastery Sacristy Mar Saba. La sacristie du couvent Mar Sab&. Klostersakristei MSr Saba. La sagrestia del convento Mar SabS. Sacnstia del Convento 153 Mar Saba. Port.co Mar S£ba. Un porticato Mar Saba. Torhalle Mar SabS. Porche MSr S&ba. Pbrtico 154 M&r S6b6. View of a Monastery Cell Mar S&b£. Une cellule du couvent M6r S6b&. Bhck auf eine Klosterzelle M^r S&bd. Veduta di una cella Mar Saba. Una celda del convento 155 Mar Saba. Palm of St. Sabas Mar Saba. Palmier de saint Sabas MSr Saba. Palme des HI. Sabas Mar Saba. La palma di S. Saba Mar Saba. La Palma de San Sabas 156 Wadi en Nar Ouadi en Nar Wadi en Nar II Wadi en Nar Wadi en Nar 157 158 Nabulus 159 Nabulus. Un Chan 160 Nabulus. II santuario di Ridscha! el-Amud Nabulus El Santuario de Ridschal e!-Amud 161 JenTn. Mosque courtyard DschenTn. Cour de la mosqu6e DschenTn. Moscheehof Genfn. Cortile della Moschea DschenTn. Patio de una Mezquita 162 i's Well near Sichem Le puits de Jacob pr6s de Sichem Der Jacobsbrunnen bei Sichem fontana di Giacobbe presso Sichem La Fuente de Jacob en Sichem 163 164 165 Samaria <v T> 0 u •O X TJ <1) £ o L. XI 0 a Q. z Li ffl L a) £ <0 (/) 0 £ o L_ V 0 0. Q. X (0 b o l_ Q) I <0 L_ (0 E (0 0) 0) 0) TJ 0 <D I Q) T3 0 E 0 l_ V o a i □ d 'C (0 E (0 a) u; V 0 i_ UJ t5 0 E 0 l_ ■0 0 a a a> v 2 3 V <D > d 'l. (d E <d 0) 166 Samaria. Blick auf das Hippodrom des Herodes 167 Samaria. Ruinen vom Palaste des Herodes 168 169 Samaria Moschea eretta nella chiesa che appartenne ai Crociati Samaria. Mezquita en la antigua Iglesia de los Cruzados 0 0 TJ 0 0 TJ L. 0 HD L. I 0 TJ I 0 jo 0 TJ (0 0 a 0 0 D TJ 0 a (0 0 0 c TJ '5 0 L. 0 (0 c 0 TJ 5 (T a) D > 0 0 0 a> TJ c 0 (0 0 E TJ (0 0 (/) 0 0 0 i> a) 0 0 0 ‘l. a 0 0 E 0 0 TJ 0 0) i_ 0 I 0 0 *U C 0 c J ir c 0 TJ C 0 > r y *0 c < 0 'i_ 0 0 a) C T) C 0 0 o L. (0 0) w (0 OL V (0 0 N V N 0 0 u 0 I 0 Q. M- 0 0 TJ 0 c 0 C 5 L. > 0 0 L_ .C ■*-» E 0 5 0 0 0 S 0 D TJ 0 > > 0 .0 L C 0 C 0 r t 0 C 0 0) CD 70 171 Villaggio in Samaria 172 Montagne nell'Hauran Montana en Hauran 173 Landschaftsbild in Samaria (0 c (0 O to c (0 ¥ (0 c <0 o 174 Cana Canada 175 Nazareth Nazareth. Church of the Annunciation Nazareth. Nazareth. Verkundigungskirche Nazaret. La Chiesa dell'Annunciazione Nazareth. L'eglise de I'Annonciation Iglesia de la Anunciacibn 176 Nazareth. Well in the courtyard of the Church of the Annunciation Nazareth Fontaine dans la cour de la cath6drale de I'Annonciation Nazaret. Nazareth. Brunnen im La fontana nel cortile della Chiesa dell'Annunciazione Hofe der Verkundigungskirche Nazareth. Fuente en el patio de la Iglesia de la Anunciacidn 177 Nazareth. Capital of a destroyed Crusaders Church, 12the century Nazareth. Chapiteau d une 6glise des crois^s d^truite XII e si^cle Nazareth. Kapitell einer zerstdrten Kreuzfahrerkirche, 12. Jahrhundert Nazaret. Capitello di una chiesa gici appartenente ai Crociati ed ora distrutta. Secolo XII Nazareth. Capitel de una iglesia de los Cruzados, siglo 12 178 Nazareth. Mary's Well Nazareth. Fontaine de la Vierge Nazareth. Marienbrunnen Nazaret. La Fonte di Maria Nazareth. La Fuente de la Virgen 179 Capernaum. Ruins of a synagogue Kapernaum. Capernaum. Rovine di una Sinagoga Capharnaum. Rumen einer Synagoge Cafarneum. Rumes d une synagogue Ruinas de una Sinagoga 180 Tower of Ramleh La tour de Ramldh Der Turm von Ramie La torre di Ramie La Torre de Ramie 181 182 El Monte Tabor 183 Tiberiade Tiberiades 184 II posto ove Gesu tenne il Sernnone della Montagna Lugar del Sermon del la Montana 185 1Q6 Tiberiades 187 Magdala sul lago di Genesaret Magdala, en el Lago de Genezareth 88 189 II posto ove avvenne la miracolosa moltiplicazione dei par)' Lugar del Milagro de la Multiplicacidn de los Panes en el sul lago di Genesaret Lago de Genesareth 190 Monastery on Mount Carmel Le couvent du mont Carmel 0 E i_ 0 O c 0 E D ■u c 0 > D 0 o D D 0 C t> u (0 “> 0 0 E 0 o 0 c 0 0 XJ 0 i_ 0 0) 0 c 0 E 0 c 0 c V 0 0 ic 0 D a 0 Q. 0 E L. 0 ¥ E 0 V D 0 C 0 £ u L. =0 CD L. 0 0) 0 ¥ 0 E i_ 0 u c D 0 c 0 c 0 V l— 0 CD £ 0 tn 0 c 0 5 p 0 E L. 0 <J 0 TJ O L_ 0 0) 0 C o E 0 c o -*-• 0 c T) i_ 0 CD 191 Grotto of Jeremiah Grotte de Jdrdmie sur le mont Carmel Jeremiasgrotte auf dem Karmel La grotta di Geremia sul Carmelo Gruta de Jeremias en el Monte Carmelo 192 Acre. Well near the Mosque Akkft Fontaine de la mosqu6e Akk&. Brunnen an der Moschee Akkd La fontana presso la Moschea AkkS, Fuente en la mezquita 193 194 Akka 195 Akk&. Moschea AkkS. Mezquita Acre. Atrium of the Mosque Akk&. Porche de la mosqu6e AkkS. Vorhalle der Moschee AkkSl. Porticato d'ingresso alia Moschea AkkS. Vestibulo de la mezquita 196 Acre. Courtyard of the Mosque Akka. Cour de la mosqu6e Akka. Moscheehof Akka. II cortile della Moschea Akka. Patio de la mezquita 197 198 AkkS Acueducto 4rabe. construedo en 1800 199 200 Jaffa Jaffa 201 Jafa. Die Klippen vor dem Hafen 202 Msch&tt&. Rovine di palazzi Msch^ttci. Ruinas de un palacio 203 204 Phbnizische Felsengraber 205 La ciudad puerto de Tiro 206 D <D L. <D a E 0) HD E D r c ^ <r< Si a □ 0 0 l_ (0 <D HDD if) v_ o ^ tffl :* <D -® ■D-0 O)'® .9|£ 0) HD Hi V ID 1) c 5 ir m a E uj Q) r +-> rv (J Q) II -C 0) U P ■S* to m j x d u a c a> <0 T3 r <u k_ m-Il c <D if) 0 T> (0 K° ? «j U-Q in id 00 (0 (0 id ® GJ Q ®E <o® o® ®o ifl'O (0 10 c t 5 ® <E c 0 o-ffl t= 3 t-- (0 ID •OT) s| T) ^ J U f 0 _J •= (0 3 (/) U U) c 2 " (0 - D .?« Off) Ug> ai o vv ®2! 8|J- r ® U o jd a ai a> T3 a 0>JE c- > 0 (E 207 208 Sidonia Sidon 209 Sidonia Torre delle fortificazioni e cappella sepolcrale Sidon. Torre de la Fortaleza y Capilla Mortuoria 210 Sidonia. Kalaat el - Bahr Sidon, Kalaat el - Bahr 211 Sidonia Kalaat el-Mezze Sidon. Kalaat el-Mezze 212 Blick auf BeirQt 213 BeirOt. Vista de una calle 214 Paesaggio nel Libano Paisaje del Lfbano 215 Libanonlandschaft 216 I cedri del Libano Bosque de cedros en el Ubano 217 Un gruppo d, cedri Arboles de cedro 218 219 220 221 Damasco Interno della Moschea degli Omaijadi Damasco. Interior de la Mezquita de los Omayadas Damascus. Gateway of the Mosque Damaskus. Damasco. L'ingresso al cortile della Moschea Damas. Porte de la cour de la mosqu^e Tor des Moscheehofs Damasco. Puerta del Patio de la Mezquita 222 Damascus. Tomb of Saladin Damas. Tombeau de Saladin Damaskus. Saladins Grab Damasco. La tomba di Saladino Damasco. La Tumba de Saladino 223 Mosque of Sultan Selim Damas. La mosqu6e du sultan Selim Damaskus. Moschee Sultan Selim La Moschea del Sultano Selim Damasco. Mezquita de Selim el Grande Damasco. Damasco. 224 Damascus. Street Scene Damas Une rue Damaskus StraBenbild Damasco. Una strada Damasco Vista de una ealle 225 Damascus. Mosque Courtyard Damas. Cour de mosqu^e Damaskus. Moscheehof Damasco. II cortile d'una Moschea Damasco. Patio de una mezquita :j26 Damascus. Interior of an Arabian Bath Damas. IntArieur d'un bain arabe Damaskus. Inneres eines arabischen Bades Damasco. L interno di un bagno arabo Oamasco. Interior de un bafto Arabe 229 Baalbek. La gran pietra Ba albek. La Gran Piedra # 230 Ba'albek Blick auf die Akropolis 231 Baalbek. Interne del Temp,o del Sole Baalbek Interior del Templo del Sol Baalbek. Entrance to the Temple of the Sun Ba albek. Entrbe du temple du Soleil Ba albek. Eingang zum Sonnentempel Baalbek. Ingresso al Tempio del Sole Ba albek. Entrada al Tempio del Sol 232 Baalbek, Baalbek. Columns near the Temple of the Sun Ba albek. Baalbek. S&ulen am Sonnentempel Le colonne del Tempio del Sole Ba albek. Colonnes du temple du Soleil Columnas del Tempio del Sol 233 Baalbek Columns of the Temple of Jupiter Ba albek, Les colonnes du temple de Jupiter Ba'albek Die Saulen des Jupitertempels Baalbek Le colonne del Tempio di giove Ba'albek. Columnas del Templo de Jupiter 234 Baalbek View from the Acropolis to Lebanon Ba’albek. Vue du haut de I'Acropote sur le Liban Ba albek Blick von der Akropolis auf den Libanon Baalbek. Veduta sul Libano dallAcropoli Ba albek Vista del Lfbano desde la Acrdpol.s 235 236 237 Aleppo 238 Aleppo. Gate of the Citadel Alep. Porte de la citadelle 339 Alepo. En la Ciudadela 240 Palmyra 241 Palmyra. Colonnade and Triumphal Arch Palmyre. Colonnade et arc de triomphe Palmyra. Temple columns Palmyre. Colonnes du temple Palmyra. Tempels&ulen Palmira. Colonne del Tempio Palmira. Columnas del Tempio 242 Palmyra. Vaulted tomb with paintings dating from the time of the Roman Empire Palmyre. Sepulture avec peintures morales, datant de l'6poque des empereurs romains Palmyra. Grabgewdlbe mit Wandmalereien aus der rdmischen Kaiserzeit Palmira. Tomba a vdlta con pitture murali dell'espoca imperiale romana Palmira. Bdveda funeraria con frescos romanos de la bpoca del Imperio 243 Diarbekr. Courtyard of the Great Mosque Diarbekir. Cour de la grande mosqu6e. Fagade ouest Diarbekir. Hof der grossen Moschee. Westfassade Diarbekir. Cortile della grande Moschea. Facciata occidentale Diarbekir. Patio de la Gran Mezquita. Fachada occidental 244 Diarbekr. Interior of the Great Mosque Diarbekir. Diarbekir. Interno della grande Moschea Diarb6kir Int6rieur de la grande mosqufie Inneres der groben Moschee Diarbekir Interior de la Gran Mezquita 245 246 247 Chidr Elia. Tomba a cupola Chidr Elias. Bbveda mortuoria s lT D 0 tj to 4) L. CL (1) D g c (0 a; c l_ 0 0 0J L. D l 03 0) c c d) ■4-> U) 0 c 0) 0 c < r 03 L. D d) T) (0 o L. d) 0 03 c l_ 03 0) 0 t o D CD C < 03 i_ D 0 0) (/) d3 u a <0 o c 03 03 C i o 248 Antike Zisteme bei Urfah Village on the Tigris Village sur le Tigre Dorf am Tigris Villaggio sul Tigri Aldea en las mdrgenes del Tigris 24y 250 251 Arbela Arbelles 252 Takrit Islamic sanctuary Takrit. Sanctuaire islamique 253 254 255 CO JD D C 0 <—\ d2 (O 3 . 0) 01 ss Si! a £ U E _l ii a; ■“ A 3 •Q)V Do z* (0 to 0 ® *5 to TJ C D 0 1_ 0) X 0 (0 £1 (DQ £ (0 Si oJN .¥ O L. c 0) (0 $ A 0 Ol- ■° r «E n si o1- n 4-* +J 0 ^ (0 256 Assur. Contrafforti del Gebel Chanuke, nello sfondo le rovine Assur. Ramales de la montana Dschebel Chanuke. En el fondo con la torre del Tempio (Zikurat) ruinas con la torre del templo (Zikurat) 257 258 Assur. Nordfront mit Zikurat (0 □ i xn h 1? 5° a:H 0 <o c x> t m 0 J O 01 U) cS 0 C It It - It OX) X) It It 0 ax> 0. m in c £8 <d J2 t . o cn ~ i_ CQ (0 L. D X ^ < 0 -O X) ® CD 0 9x> 0® _l- o — < a CJ) o a v E <d£ ts CO (D 3 _ c - <D <0 L- D N <D^ £ u It * (0 o cH w aj UI c ~ < t. H 0 <D **■ £ c ^ (D 0 « £>. Or m o oE d>o o ^ O 01 01 No It 0 -JO o d X) CD 21 ® £v lo ✓— \ (d CO — c u <u 3 “a it in in 0 it o a® 9-o in m 959 NimrCid. Ruins of the Temple Tower (Zikurat) and winged bull at the gate NimroOd. Ruines de la tour du temple (ziggurat) et taureau ail6 Nimrud. Ruine des Tempelturms (Zikurat) und geflugelter Torstier Nimrud. Rovine della torre del Tempio (Zikurat) e toro alato sulla Porta Nimrud. Ruina de la torre del tempio Zikurat y toros con alas 260 Ndbi YOnus. Town on the ruins of Nineveh Nebi Younous, ville bfitie sur les ruines de Ninive NSbi Junus. Die Stadt auf den Trummern Nmives NSbi Yunus. La cittSi sulla rovine di Ninive NSbi Junus. Ciudad construlda sobre las ruinas de Nfnivi 261 NSbi Yunus. Nebi Yunus. Mimbar in the Mosque of Jonah Nebi Junus. Mimbar nella Moschea di Giona Nebi Yoonous. Mimbar dans la mosqude de Jonas Mimbar in der Jonasmoschee Neb. Junus. Mimbar en la Mezquita de Jonds 262 M6sul. Mosque courtyard Mossoul. Cour d'une mosqu6e Mosul. Moscheehof Mossul. Cortile d'una Moschea Mosul. Patio de una mezquita 263 Hatra. Palace ruins Hatra. Ruines d'un palais Hatra. Palastruine Hatra. Rovine di un palazzo Hatra. Ruinas de un palacio 264 Kerkuk. Coloured stone mosque KerkoOk Mosqu6e de couleurs varides Kerkuk. Bunte Moschee Kerkuk. Moschea in pietra a vans colore Kerkuk. Mezquita pintada con diversos colores 265 Mdsul. Minaret of the Great Mosque Mossoul. Minaret de la grande mosqude Mosul. Minaret der groSen Moschee i Mossul. Minareto della grande Moschea Mosul. Minarete de la Gran Mezquita 266 Samarra. Samarra. Minaret of the Great Mosque S^marS. Mmaret de la grande mosqu6e Samarra. Minaret der groBen Moschee Minareto della grande Moschea Samara. Minarete de la Gran Mezquita 26/ FV: 268 Ctesiphon. Palace ruins Ct6siphon. Ruines du palais 269 270 271 272 273 274 E Q in 0 c '3 T> (U m E « Q c 5 T3 0 CD 275 DISm Beduinen 276 277 El Koweit. Ships in harbour 278 279 Garije el Galil nel Yemen Gar.je el Gain en el Yemen 280 281 Sana. Jardfn el DJose 282 Sana. Piazza della citt& Sana. Plaza de la ciudad 283 Sana. Detalle de la fachada de una casa £rabe 284 San&a. Mosque Sana. Mosqu^e 285 Mocca. Mosque Mocca. Moschea La Mecque. Mosqu6e Mokka. Moschee Mezquita en la ciudad de Moka 286 >'Y». Medina. Tomb of the Prophet M6dine. Tombeau du Proph6te Medina. Grab des Propheten Medina. La tomba del Profeta La Tumba del Profeta en Medina 287 288 Medina 28Q Taiz in Yemen Tarz dans IY6men 290 La Mecque 291 Mekka. Pilger vor der Kaaba 292 ' ; ■ :* ; ■ • . . ■■ • ,tf • V 4 ■ . ' ‘ ' « < • • h ‘<1* ' . :» , . .... -,,1 . / t A 1 V - % ' ► * •.* -WV, ’ ■ > ... ■ u ... * < > ■ ■ . f . * . •'* < , V,.- t .Vs , v*. ■ ' / 293 294 295 S»nai. Chiesa e Moschea sulla cima del Gebel MQsSl El Sinai, Iglesia y mezquita en la cumbre del Djebel Musa 296 La Salita del Convento sul Sinai Subida al Monasterio del Monte Sinai 297 Mount Sinai. Chapel of the Burning Bush in the Monastery of St. Catherine SinaY. La Chapelle du Buisson ardent dans le couvent Ste. Catherine Sinai. Kapelle des brennenden Dornenbusches im Kathrinenkloster Sinai. La Cappella del Roveto Ardente nel Convento delle Caterine Capilla de la Zarza ardiente en el monasterio de Santa Catarina 298 Mount Sinai. Confession Steps SmaV. Escalier de la Confession Sinai. Beichttreppe Sinai. La Scala della Confessione El Sinai. Escalera de la Confesion 299 300 301 302 303 Petra. Ornamental detail of tomb Petra. Couronnement d'un tombeau Petra. Grabbekrdnuna Petra. Cresta tombale Petra. Columna ornamental de una tumba 304